Infection Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Infection Control - Essay Example These infections cause many deaths with thousand others suffering from poor health. Schneider, et al. (2009) observes that having sound measures for controlling infections help to significantly reduce the spread of both minor and major infections hence reducing suffering, mortality and morbidity rates. Maintaining proper hand hygiene is one of the world governments’ the simplest and single least-expensive way of reducing prevalence of many infections. According to WTO (2012), every individual must embrace behavioural change. The health fraternity should also join the board by encouraging the public to actively comply with the stipulated infection-control practices. Further, the government is also contributing through the provision of high quality, safe and reliable care. Hand hygiene according to Erasmus, et al. (2009), is a simple, but high-impact intervention that helps in prevention and control of some of the fore mentioned infections. Infection control, therefore, remains one of the world governments’ agenda for reducing morbidity and mortality rates. Various infections control management systems have been put in place to assess and control infections, maintain appropriate clean environment and educate individuals on how to avoid preventable diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the practice of hand washing virtually eliminates the majority of infections through contact. Increased compliance in hand hygiene practice was found to considerably reduce infection rates.

Employment contract Essay Example for Free

Employment contract Essay To raise a grievance at work the first step would be to talk to your line manager, explain the situation and see if the problem can be solved informally. If, however, the grievance cannot be resolved informally then the issue can be raised formally using the following procedure: Stage 1 Employees may request in writing a formal meeting with the line manager to state the grievance. Where the issue involves the line manager, this request should be made to the manager’s manager (area manager). Grievances should be made as soon as possible and in any event within 3 months of the issue complained about taking place. A hearing will be arranged, normally within 10 working days, for the employee to discuss the issue with the manager. A decision will be made once the matter has been fully investigated and the manager will communicate their response in writing within 5 working days. This should include details of the employee’s right to appeal. Stage 2 If the employee is dissatisfied with the decision then they have received in stage 1 then they can take their grievance further and request in writing a formal meeting under stage 2 of the grievance procedure. This will be conducted by a manager other than the manager that carried out the stage 1 meeting. The employee will receive the decision of this hearing in writing within 5 working days. Stage 3 If the employee is still dissatisfied with the decision then they may appeal in writing to the Chief Executive of the Trust within 10 working days of receipt of the stage 2 decision. A further meeting will take place and the decision will be confirmed in writing within 5 working days of the hearing. The decision at stage 3 of the procedure is final, in so far as the Trusts internal procedures are concerned. Bv 1. Data Protection All confidential information should be kept secure by employees in order to protect customers and their families. Confidential information (e.g. customer support plans, support notes and medication administration forms) must not be left in a place where non-authorised individuals may view it. Data should not be passed on to anyone without the consent of the customer or their next of kin. 2. Grievance Any grievances should be reported to the line manager to try to resolve the issue informally. If, however, it is not resolved at this level then there is a grievance procedure in place which enables employees to pursue the matter formally. 3. Conflict Management If employees have a problem with another member of staff and it cannot be resolved between themselves then they should contact their line manager for assistance with resolving the issue. If the conflict involves the line manager or if the employee feels that they are not receiving adequate support then they should report to the area manager. 4. Anti-discriminatory Practice All employees are expected to act with dignity and respect towards each person’s individual beliefs and identity. Customers, accessing Oaklea care and support services, should not be treated less favourably based on their; age, sex, disability, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation, marital status or pregnancy/maternity or gender. 5. Health Safety All employees have personal responsibility in ensuring their own and others health, safety, and welfare at work. We are required to read and apply organisational policies and procedures regarding health and safety, undertake necessary training, wear personal protective equipment (PPE) provided, use safety equipment and safety devices where required and report any hazardous conditions to the line manager or Health and Safety Officer. 6. Confidentiality All information concerning customers and/or their families must be treated  with the upmost respect and all employees have an obligation to protect this information. Confidential information must not be disclosed to a third party either formally or informally (gossip). The sharing of information may be necessary for continuation of good care and support of customers (e.g. between other employees or professions). If employees are asked to disclose information about a customer and are concerned that doing so may breach confidentiality then clarification should be sought via the line manager. 7. Whistle blowing If employees need to raise concern about a risk, malpractice or wrongdoing that affects others such as customers, other staff members, the company or the public then the company’s whistleblowing procedure should be followed. The first stage of this procedure would be to raise concerns with the employee’s line manager either in writing or through a meeting. If the issue involves the line manager or if the employee has already raised their [emailprotected] ?U: concerns with the line manager and feel that they have not been adequately addressed then the second stage of the procedure should be followed. At this stage, issues may be raised either in writing or through a meeting with a Director. If stage 2 has been undertaken and the employees concerns are unresolved or if they feel that the matter is so serious that it should be investigated by the Chief Executive immediately then concerns should be raised either in writing or via a meeting. Any employee raising concerns under the whistleblowing procedure has the right to remain anonymous. Bvi As a Community Home Carer, my role is to provide individualized care and support to people with social care needs so that they may continue to live in their homes and in the community. A care plan is in place for each customer that explains their specific needs and what care they require from us. My duties/responsibilities may include: Assisting customers with washing, bathing, personal hygiene, dressing, toileting, continence and catheter care. Meal and drink preparation and help with feeding where necessary. Helping customers to comply with their prescribed medication and fill out Medication Administration Records (MAR). Supporting customers  with cleaning, laundry, shopping and other household duties as required. Helping customers with mobility skills, transferring them safely where required (e.g. from bed to chair) and helping them to use aids and personal equipment. Providing end of life care. Documenting the care given at each visit in the Daily Support Notes (DSN). Liaising with other carers and health care professionals to ensure continuity of care. By carrying out these duties to a high standard and conforming to all policies, procedures and guidelines, customers will receive a quality service that will help them to maintain as much independence as possible in a safe environment within their own homes. The safeguarding carried out by carers is essential in protecting the health, wellbeing and human rights of vulnerable adults, and ensures that they live free from harm, abuse and neglect. It is our duty to report any safeguarding concerns to the appropriate person(s) so that action may be taken to protect the wellbeing of service users. Bvii a) Following best practice within my work role helps to safeguard vulnerable adults living in the community and ensures that they receive a quality service that promotes health and wellbeing. It is important that I stay within my job role, follow policies and procedures, keep up to date with changes in policies and legislation and keep up to date with training to develop my skills in the workplace. It is also important to work as part of a team, passing on skills where necessary (e.g. to new staff members) and gaining feedback from colleagues. Good communication skills are essential between team members and other professions involved in the care of the service user as this enables continuity of care. b) Failing to carry out the requirements of my role by not following policies, procedures and legislation and not complying with regulatory bodies endangers the health and wellbeing of service users and may put other team members at risk. Not following manual handling procedures, for example, would put me and the service user at risk of injury and not wearing personal protective equipment  when necessary may put me and others at risk of infection. Poor practice may also result in complaints from service users, disciplinary action and in severe cases it may lead to me losing my job, being prosecuted and/or prevented from working in the health and social care setting. Bviii As a Community Home Carer I must follow best practice within my work role and work to the company policies and procedures that mirror laws and legislation. There are also external factors which influence the standards that I must adhere to in my work such as the Care Quality Commission (CQC) essential standards, Skills for Care’s Common Induction Standards (CIS) which are the standards people working in health social care need to meet before they can safely work unsupervised (e.g. manual handling, first aid, health and safety training), the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) codes of practice and ADASS’ ‘Safeguarding Adults: A National Framework of Standards for good practice and outcomes in adult protection work’, which sets out a framework of best practice standards. Government initiatives also have an influence on the roles of carers such as ‘Our Care, Our Health Our Say’ which sets out policy goals to make health and social care ser vices that are designed around the patient rather than the needs of the patient being forced to fit around the service already provided. ‘Putting People First’ also aims for a personalised approach to the delivery of adult social care. Bix a) Two different representative bodies which influence my area of work are the care quality commission and the health and care professions council. b) The role of the care quality commission (CQC) is to regulate, inspect and review all adult health and social care services in the public, private and voluntary sectors in England and make sure that they are meeting national standards. These services include hospitals, care homes, GPs, dentists and services in the home (e.g. home carers). The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) are a regulatory body set up to protect the public by keeping a register of health and care professionals that meet their standards for training, professional skills, behaviour and health. If professionals fail  to meet these standards then they may be removed from the register and prevented from practicing. The HCPC replaced the General Social Care Council (GSCC) which was abolished in 2012.

History And Importance Of Hydropower

History And Importance Of Hydropower Hydropower is produced by converting the kinetic energy of the moving water to electrical one. The motion of water is part of a continuous natural phenomena called the water cycle. Energy from the sun evaporates water from oceans and rivers and raise it as steam or vapor. When the watervapor reaches a colder atmosphere level, it condenses and forms cloud. The moisture eventually reaches a point at which air cannot keep carrying it, so it falls to the earth as rain or snow, this process is called precipitation. Gravity drives the water, moving it from higher ground level to lower one. The force of moving water can be extremely powerful. Hydropower is a renewable energy source because the water on the earth is in a continuous motion. As long as the water cycle continues, we will not run out of this source. In the old past people used a simple machine called water wheel to produce a specific motion using the movement of the water in the rivers or any other source. The water wheel is located below a source of flowing water. It captures the water in plates that is normal to the wheel, the water hits the plates causes the wheel to turn. Water wheels convert the kinetic energy of the water into another type of motion. That energy can then be used to grind grain, drive sawmills, or pump water. There are several examples of water wheel application in the past. For instance, the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour more than 2,000 years ago. In the beginning of the 18th century, factories at America and Europe used it also to power machines. In the late 19th century, the potential energy of water was used to generate electricity. The first hydro electric power plant was built at Niagara Falls in 1879 and it started a revolution of Hydro electrical power plants. in the following decades, many plants were built. At the peak in the early 1940s, hydropower occupies 33 percent of USA electricity. But, by the end of 1940s, inexpensive fossil fuel plants also joined the competition. At that time, plants burning coal or oil could make cheaper electrical power than hydro power plants. This fossil fuel plants was burning the fossil fuel and the hydro power plants till the 1970s. In that decade the way was opened for hydro power plants again because of the oil shocks that made people showed an interest in renewable power sources. 1.3 Importance In this part of the report, I am going to relate people and hydropower in a logical chain, that will show how much it is important to change the way that electricity is produced nowadays. People, as we all know, are part of the natural world and the materials they are using in building, clothing, food, etc come from natural resources. What surround us are composed of large numbers of built environment, the facilities built by humans for comfort, security, and well-being. As our built environment grows, we become more reliant on what it is offering to us. To satisfy our demands improvement to our built environment is needed, to do such upgrading we need electricity which can be generated by using the resources of natural fuels. In obtaining these resources, it is necessary to drill oil wells, tap natural gas supplies, or mine coal and uranium. In order to put water to work on a large scale, storage dams are needed. Some human activities have more lasting impacts than others. Techniques to mine resources from below the earth may leave long-lasting impacts on the environment. Oil wells may detract from the beauty of open landscapes. Reservoirs behind dams may cover whole valleys. The usage of energy sources can further impact the land, water, and air in different amounts. People want clean air and water and a pleasing environment. They also want power to heat and light the homes and to run machines. So, what would be the solution? Logically there are two straight forward solutions, but both are hard to be done. One solution is curbing The increasing demand for electrical power. As explained above, this is something that far from the actual trend. The other solution is that more power must be produced in environmentally friendly ways. Conservation can save electricity, but our population is growing. In other words even if we are very conservative in power consumption, our demand is still increasing. So, growth is inevitable. So again, the wisest solution is a careful, planned approach to how to bring a new, efficient ,clean and renewable resource of energy. All choices must be examined, and the most efficient, acceptable methods should be adopted. One alternative is hydro power plants and based on the characteristics of this plants it seems to be a successful choice. These features are many, one is that hydro power plants do not use nonrenewable resources to make electricity. They also do not produce pollution, rarely fail, have low operating costs and they are reliable. WAYS OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCTION I will discuss in this part of the report two methods to produce power using hydro energy that fit with the conditions in Saudi Arabia which are the lack of dams and rivers. These two ways are the sea power plants and power production in water Desalination stations. Using Sea Energy First of all I will discuss tidal energy as one type of the sea energy. The tides rise and fall eternally . Tides are changes in the level of the oceans caused by the rotation of earth and the gravitational force from both the moon and the sun. Nearshore sea level can vary up to 15 meters, depending on different factors. Tidal energy is the most promising source of ocean energy for today and the near future. Tidal energy plants capture the energy in the same manner that happened in dams, but here the dam is the whole coastal line. The water is filling this virtual dam and draining it twice a day. Then, by sitting up a set of turbines that connected to gears to convert the motion of the water into electrical power, and by building specific structures under the sea level which magnify the speed of water during the filling and draining process we will have a perfect tidal power plant. The oldest and largest tidal plant, La Rance in France, has been successfully producing electricity since 1968. Nowadays, the electricity from tidal plants costs a lot compared to other ways. It is expensive and takes time to build up the turbines and the structures, which can be several miles long. On the other hand, the fuel free, always available and green, and the plants are easy to maintain. For example, two operators are needed to run the La Rance plant at night and on weekends. And the plants is durable with little maintenance. Other type of sea energy is current and marine stems. The water in seas are continuously moving. We can use some of the oceanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s energy, but most of it is out of reach. Capturing this energy problem is not a problem, the real problem is transporting it to the land. Generating electricity in the middle of the ocean just doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make sense since there is no one living in the middle of the sea. We can only use the energy near shore. Using Steam Energy (In W.D.S.) Of course, during the process of desalinating water, steam must be produced. And the moving pressurized steam has tremendous energy in it. Energy in steam is held both in heat and pressure. When heat is applied to a water, the electrons begin to move quickly around molecules. The change of a liquid state to a gas state takes place when the moving molecules take to the air because of its rapidly moving electrons. The water molecules up in the air stay away from each other. When very large number of water molecules are heated, and all repelling each other, pressure builds. When this pressure is released, energy can be generated. When the pressure in steam is released, it transfers its energy to whatever it hits, so by putting a turbine or a piston, this steam energy will be converted to mechanical one. This movement can be used to generate electrical energy, or it can use the steam energy directly in steam machines, like steams trains. COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDRO ENERGY AND OTHER RESOURCES In this section I will come over many aspects about hydro energy like the cost of power generation depending on hydro energy. Then, I am going to mention some up and down sides of this energy source. Cost Hydropower on average is the world cheapest way to generate electricity today. No other energy source, renewable or not, can be compared to it. Today, it costs about a cent per kWh (kilowatt-hour) to produce electricity at a typical hydro plant. Comparing to others, it costs coal plants about 4 cents per kWh and nuclear plants about 2 to generate electricity. Producing electricity from hydropower is cheap because of many reasons. For instance, if a dam has been built and generators installed, the energy source becomes free one. They are cheap also due to their firm structures and simple equipment. Hydro plants are reliable and durable, and their maintenance costs are low compared to coal or nuclear plants. 3.2 Advantage The advantages of hydroelectric power are so many. The power created through the use of dams and turbines is not reliant on coal, oil, uranium, or any polluting nonrenewable resources. Unlike other sources of power, it does not create carbon monoxide smoke, nuclear waste or any other harmful materials. The second advantage is when you construct a dam, it can create power for years and years to come. For example, the Hoover Dam in the US was constructed back in 1936 and it still provides a large amount of power to California, Nevada, and Arizona, three of the most power consuming states. Another advantage is aside from initial construction costs, it is simple and cheap to maintain a turbine. The Hoover Dam again has had only one large renovation done in the 90 years ago since it was created. The last up side I want to mention, is about water, the source of the turbineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power, is one of the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most abundant resources and it is completely renewabl e. The tides, dams, streams and lakes that hydro electric power sources use to generate power are always moving about, and the turbine simply captures the power, converts it and sends it out to the needed areas. Disadvantage While I spend the majority of report explaining the advantages of hydroelectricity, there are a few disadvantages in terms of cost and wildlife damage. The major disadvantage of hydroelectric power, is its initial cost. Building a dam or marine structures is costless thing to do. Another disadvantage is the need of hiring a professional person who can locate where the dam should be built, as well as a place where the water can build up. In addition to that, redirecting the river for a few months while constructing the dam or evacuating a shore and keeping it dry until building the enormous nuzzles, which is a huge project, and will cost billions. Now, to put things in perspective, once a dam is built, all what is basically needed is a few maintenance workers, so costs become low. Secondly, there is a fact that building a hydroelectric power source is terminating the local wildlife. Whatever done, destroying the surrounding landscapes specially for the dam well happen, whether because of building a whole new lake, or because of adding a large wall into an area where fish used to swim freely back and forth hydroelectric power certainl y takes a toll on the natural habitat. Fortunately engineers started to become a little more conscious of the damage, by building smaller dams, or by providing overflow areas so that fish do not stuck being. While these changes are floating to the surface slowly, at least they are being made. Finally, there is the element of social change that can happen because of a dam being built. By their nature, all sources of hydropower must limit the flow of water in order to make them build up pressure to attain maximum results. As the water is limited, towns and villages downstream can sometimes have their water source drained down to a trickle, particularly after multiple dams, waterwheels and simple use of water can dry riverbeds and render some towns without a water source. Overall, though, considering how much potential energy can be gained by hydroelectric power, the disadvantages of hydroelectric power are probably worth enduring, since they produce so little carbon dioxide, and provide an endless source of electrical power to the area. CONCLUSION In this report, I discussed in detail the Hydro power production trend from the past till now. I gave a brief definition of hydro energy and talked about it importance. In the second part, I explained the types of hydro energy that is available in KSA to use. These types are tidal and marine streams energy and moving pressurized steam in water desalination plants. I introduced the way of each process, and its main up and down sides of them. And finally, I compared Hydro energy with other resources of energy in terms of cost, environmental impact, simplicity and durability. I found out that it is in fact the cheapest way to produce electricity, also it has a simple and firm structure that can last for years with a little care.

Education and Understanding Will Reduce the Threat of Terrorism Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: Globalization has had both negative and positive effects.   While some cultures accept globalization as a wonderful gesture, others reject it with violent force.   Since the main country involved in the notion of globalization is the United States, many countries, most of those who are adamantly opposed to globalization, call globalization "Americanization."   For the Muslims who supported the terrorists in the 9-11 attack, they label America's treatment of them as reason for their hatred of the United States.   They claim that the United States has forced them into a situation they want no part of, and hence, their actions were a statement of rebellion.   Other countries and other cultures feel that globalization is the answer; hence, they side with the United States and disagree with the Extreme Islamic concepts.   In my opinion, I feel that neither side is ultimately right or wrong.   Instead, I feel that some sort of compromise m ust be made through education and understanding.   While I do feel that the Islamic world will eventually have to globalize in order to compete with the Western world, perhaps the changes must be made with a greater understanding of their culture so that they would be more willing to accept it.   Both sides come from very different traditions and cultures; hence, if the Western world understood the Islamic world a little better and vice versa, I feel a compromise could be reached.   Education, like it is in so many debates, is certainly the answer here.    Paper Begins Below    In a multicultural world, there are many opposing views on globalization.   Some cultures and individuals accept it, while others do not.   Have the United States' attempts to globalize ... ...001/trade.center/tenants1.html>.    Porter Keith.   "America Discovers the Value of Friends. Globalization requires   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cooperation. "<http//:www.globalization.about.com> 7 July 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://globalization.about.com/library/weekly/aa091701a.htm?terms=   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   nato+article+5>.    Reich, Robert B.   "Will Terrorism Stall Globalization? " The American Prospect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online 2 Nov. 2001.   2 July 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.prospect.org/webfeatures/2001/11/reich-r-11-02.html>.    Smith, Adam.   "The Wealth of Nations."   Vol 4. New York: Random. 1985.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 vols.    Bin Laden, Osama.   "To Terror's Source:   Interview with Osama bin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laden." ABC News on the Web 28 May 1998. 1 July 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/miller_binladen_   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   980609.html#4>.   

Nectar in a Sieve

D AP World History Theme Analysis Our world is impacted by many things. Social structures, politics, economics, the environment, and our interactions affect how we live. They create the history of our world. In Nectar in a Sieve, many of these themes are represented. Gender roles and relations have always had an impact in societies. Men often believe they have the upper hand over women. It shows in the way females are treated. When Rumi was married to Nathan, she had to leave her family and go to his land.He didn’t have to live where show comfortable or on a neutral territory. Young women are often uprooted from their family and rarely see them again. When Ira had a child out of wedlock, she was looked down upon by many. However when a man does the same, there is no judgment and criticism. Nate impregnated Kunthi twice yet Rumi took him back without a problem (p. 84-85) Agricultural and pastoral productions are the center of life for millions of humans. The same can be said fo r the characters in Nectar in a Sieve.In the village, farming is how most survive. They live off the land. Without the land, there’s no income or food. They sell their crops, give their profit to the landlord, and save a portion of the crops for their families. Rumi and Nathan grow a variety of crops. When nature doesn’t work in their favor, their lives become difficult. Often the crops are ruined by droughts. During these times everyone struggles to survive. Rumi’s family became malnourished when the rains didn’t deliver. Her son, Kuti died from starvation. p. 99-100) The importance of the land is shown when they lose their land and homelessness is forced upon them. (p. 130-135) Land represented hope for Rumi. (p. 132) Without agriculture, the villagers would not survive. Trade and commerce is one of the main ways humans gain what they need. In Nectar in a Sieve, trade controls who has what and who survives. The tannery is the center of commerce. Village rs come to buy and bargain. As the years past, Rumi watches the tannery change, for worst in her opinion.It becomes harder to sell, trade, and buy because the economics of village change as new people move in. The tannery is looked at as the place of money so two of her sons get jobs there. Rumi resents the tannery because it represents change that she feels is not needed. Although themes look complicated on paper, they fit perfectly into our world and the world in Nectar in a Sieve. Male and females have double standards. Agriculture is the basis of life and survival in the village. Trade and commerce help villagers make money and get necessities to survive. These themes translate into real life.

Short Term and Long Term Financing

Short Term Finance What is Short Term Financing? Short term financing is basically refers to additional money for a business which requires for running its business for short terms which is usually a period of one year. There are some sources of short term finance which are as following:- Overdraft Overdraft bank basically means a facility that the bank provides to its customers where the customer is given permission to draw money from the banks in surplus of their balance in their heir bank accounts.When taking overdraft from the bank, the account must be zero to get extras extension of money and the interest rate will be very high and we have to pay back the bank in a very short period of time. Trade Credit Trade credit refers to buying products and servicers of a business which needs in the course of its business on credit, depending on the trade practices prevalent in a particular industry, the nature of the business relationship between the supplier and the company may give a di fferent time period to pay the products and services they buy from different suppliers.Exactly as companies get their credit from their suppliers, they must also give credit to their customers. The customers are given 50 to 60 days to pay up the bills. After 60 days, interest will be applied on the customers. If the customers are unable to pay, the will be asked for installment plan. Bank Loans Bank Loan means loans which are given to banks which need to repaid their installment over a fixed period of time which may be short or long term period. Even though it is called bank loans, these loans can be move forward by banks or other financial institution.Usually loans like this are generally given for a certain reason such as purchases of capital equipment. Advantages/ Disadvantages of Short Term Finance Short term financing is a method to raise funds which involves financial responsibility that is needed to be repaid within a year or less. Short term financing is flexible and a fast way for companies to obtain working capital for their daily operations. The main disadvantage is that a company may be too dependent on short term funds and threatened to high banking fees and interest rate.This will may affect the profit margins. Speed Short-term loans can be achieved much fast and easier compared to long-term financing. Lenders will not make through an examination of the company’s account for short-term lending compared to the case they do for long-term loans. Medium size companies do not have large amount of cash and are vulnerable to sudden financial shocks such as non-payment by a key debtor. Flexibility Small companies usually have seasonal variations in the cash and need access to capital over that period.Overdraft protection is one of the form of short term finance where the bank agrees to pay the company’s cash withdrawals, checks, and electronic debits to a certain limit. The lender will charge a fee for this facility on any balance outstandi ng. The cost of short term finance may be lesser compared to the long term finance where the cost may be higher. Drawback to this type of short-term finance flexibility is that the bank can withdraw the overdraft protection in a short notice. Risk Market circumstances, such as retreat, may cost the small businesses into borrowing a large amount on a short term basis.Short term finance can be a risk factor for the borrower A short term loan can be renewed by the lender on a certain terms than the original contract. This does not only cause the businesses to face a high cost of capital, it may not be able to service the amount of debt collected. This will put the company in a weak position where it could cause the company to be bankrupt. Management Lenders who extend their short term financing does not involve themselves in the business decisions about capital investment.Long-term finance is associate by the number of provisions, such as caps on the salaries of the companies principal s or limits on other financial arrangements, which will restrict the business actions. Long-term Finance What is long-term finance? Long term finance is basically holding an asset for a long period of time. Providing the type of security and a long-term asset can be hold as short as 1 year or as long as 25 years or more. Long-term finance also means funding which are obtained for a time frame exceeding the duration of one year.When business borrows money from a bank using long term finance methods, it will be expecting the loan to be paid back more than one year. Example, making payments on a 20 year mortgage. Long -term finance are usually for expansion of new markets, purchases of assets such as machinery, land and buildings and business growth through the acquisition of other businesses or properties. Its types of long term finance are as following :- Venture capital Venture capital is becoming an increasingly important source of finance for growing companies.Venture capitalists are generally very wealthy groups of companies or individuals which specifically set up for investment in developing companies. Venture capitalists are usually on the look out for companies with have potential. They are ready to offer money to help businesses to grow, in return the venture capitalist get some ownership of the company as well as share in the profits made. Venture capitalists usually are prepared to take projects which have a high risk and which some banks might not wan to get involve in.The advantage of this might be heavier because the possibility of the businesses losing some of their independence in making a decision. Example of venture capitalists who are also called as private equity firms are Hermes Private Equity Debentures If a company wants to borrow a big amount of money for a long but fixed period of time, it can borrow from the general public by issuing loan certificates called Debentures. The total amount borrowed is divided into units of fixed amount. T hese are debentures are usually offered to the public to subscribe in the same manner as it is done in the case of shares.A debenture is issued under a seal of the company. It is written for acknowledgement of money borrowed. It also specifies the terms the terms and conditions such as security offered, rate of interest and time repayment. There few types of debentures which are as following :- 1. Redeemable debentures and irredeemable debentures Redeemable debentures These are debentures which are repayable on a pre-arranged date or any time depending to their maturity provided the company wish and gives a notice to that effect. Irredeemable DebenturesThese irredeemable debentures are also called perpetual debentures. A company is not bounded to repay the amount during the period of time given. If the issuing company fails to pay the interest, it has to reclaim such debentures 2. Convertible Debentures and Non-convertible Debentures Convertible Debentures The holders of these conve rtible debentures are given the options to convert their convertible debentures into equity shares and ratios as decided by the company. Non-Convertible Debentures These non-convertible debentures cannot be converted into sharesMortgage Mortgage is a loan specifically for the purchase of a property. Usually businesses do not buy property through a mortgage. Mortgages are usually used as a security for a loan. This tend to happen with smaller businesses. Example, A sole trader running a florist shop might want to shift to a larger premise. They will find a shop with a price of $100,000. To give this sort of money, the bank will want to have some sort of security as a guarantee that if the borrower cannot pay back the money to the bank, the bank will be able to get back their money.The borrower can use their own property as a security for the loan, it is called taking out a second mortgage. If the business is not able to pay back the bank the loan then the bank has the right to take t he house and sell it to recover their money. Using mortgage this way is a good way of rising finance for small businesses but it also carries a big risk. Advantages/ Disadvantages of Long-term finance Stability If we have a long term financing, that means we have a stability and no need to search for financing often compared to short term financing.This also means that it will be easier to project our cash flows and earnings as we will know our expenses every month. Short term financing does not offer these advantages, because we have to constantly renegotiate the terms of our agreement. Cost of Capital Having a long term financing gives us a better idea of the long term cost of capital. By this way we will have a better understanding on which projects are worth pursuing or not. IF we don’t have long term financing in place, our cost of capital may change all our negotiation of our terms.This will lead us to more confusion in figuring out what kind of profitability we are loo king for in a project. Differences between short term and long-term finance Duration Most of the short-term financing occur over short period of one year, even though some of the sources can last up to three years or more. However long-term financing is like home mortgage which usually have a longer period of time up to 30 years. Interest Short-term financing is repaid over a short period of time, the interest cost to borrow the money will be smaller.However, long-term sources such as Bank loans which have high interest rate due to the amount of time taken to repay the capital. Types Short-term and long-term sources of financing differ in instrument type. Example of short-term sources includes leases, short-term commercial loans, account payable and bank overdraft coverage. However example of long-term sources includes retained earnings, finance leases, venture capitals and company shares Which one is more preferable to choose short term or long-term finance?Conclusion, it would be generally be better to choose short-term loan over a long term finance if the school Halls Creek High school budget allows it. This will increase the monthly payments as much as possible to take advantage of the lower interest rate. The combination of bigger the monthly payment and smaller interest rate will allow the school to have a bigger payment on the outstanding balance. This will help the school to pay less interest on the loan taken and end their mortgage sooner. .

Management of a Diverse Workforce

Management of a Diverse Workforce Globalization has facilitated the growth of multinational; an increasing number of companies are diversifying their operations in different part of the globe. When operating in the international arena, a company has to manage a diverse work force; managing diverse human capital has continued to be a challenge to human resources managers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of a Diverse Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main challenge is how to develop a universal performance management system amidst changes occurring in different environment that affect personnel differently. With diverse human capital, companies need to develop strategic human resource management practices, which will provide the company with global consistency of purpose as far as human performance management is concerned. One major role that strategic international human management (SIHM) plays is to manage diverse human capita l performance; performance management is a continuous process through which the output of human capital is gauged to ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. The policy addresses activities affecting the performance of human capital in the efforts of formulating and implementing strategic needs that will facilitate an improve business within an organization; to undertake this task in a diverse human resources capital, is a challenge to personnel managers (Fernandez-Alles Ramos-Rodrà ­guez, 2009). This paper looks into the problems encountered by human resources managers when performance managing their human capital from a diverse origin, it will also offer some suggestions on ways that the problems can be minimized. Problems of performance managing in diverse human capital Human resources are precious, they need to be managed effectively; when developing a personnel’s management strategy; an organization needs to have an effective p erformance appraisal and rewarding system. When an effective performance management is implemented, it boosts employees’ confidence and motivates them.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performance management is defined as a continuous process that involves assessment of an employee in all dimensions with the aim of rewarding and establishing areas that can be improved for better performance. When dealing with the international human resources management, there are three focus areas that managers have to look into, they are inter-unit linkage, internal operations, and competitive requirements; all the above areas have challenges they pose to personnel management (Hampden–Turner Trompenaars, 2006). To handle this section effectively, this section will look into every area and the problems/challenges associated: Inter-linkage issues Diverse human capit al has a variety of human components that need to be managed effectively; the differences in how people of different cultures, believes, traditions and values have offers the performance managers the problems of establishing key performance parameters. When appraising the performance of an employee in the global arenas, factors that are likely to impact on his performance need to be well understood; in the case of an expatriate, he is likely to be affected by culture of the new country, job requirements and personal attributes. When appraising and gauging the level of performance of such an employee, the above variables should be put into consideration. External and internal environment has an impact on the general performance of the company; the ease of adoption and the environment that an expatriate operated in determines whether he will be able to work effectively and pose satisfying results at the end of the year.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managem ent of a Diverse Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When appraising an expatriate, the culture adoption rate of the expatriate should be considered, they should be one of the parameters that need to be taken into account; the issue comes with how the human resource managers gauge the rate of adoption (Maznevski DiStefano, 2000). Internal operations An effective human resources management should ensure that internal operations of an organization are operating in their optimal form; human capital have the role of ensuring the operations are to the expected standards; the issue that face multinationals is how to control the internal structures in their absences. Internal management is based on information from output and the inputs offered by human resource of a company; people have different viewpoints thus in a diverse human capital environment, the information that will be available for management to react on will be diverse and i ncomparable. This make developing of internal similar business policies become a challenge to multinationals. Other than internal business operations, different countries have different labor policies that are mostly determined by the rate of economic development of the country that a multinational is operating. The company has to ensure that it complies with the rules; the move may call for special or micro human resources policies that are challenging to manage. For example, there are countries that have wage limits while others do not have, others have fifty-five as the retirement age while others have sixty years, and this poses a challenge to personnel management. An effective performance process helps an organization to learn and understand its staffs strengths, weaknesses, talents and capabilities. When the above attributes of employees are known, then a company can devise appropriate motivational, rewarding, training and mentoring programs to enhance performance within the o rganization. When gauging the strengths and weaknesses of human staffs, management faces the challenge of harmonizing the available technological developments and favorability of production across different countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sometimes a company may think that a certain employee is highly effective and a high performer but this is only facilitated by the level of technological development and the rate at which the business is doing in the country of establishment. On the other hand, another employee who operates in an area of low technological development, and the business there is not as favorable, then the employee is gauged as a poor performer. The differences in technological development and general condition in the country of establishment can thus become an issue in performance management. Multinationals have to keep in touch with the situation on the ground for all countries as well as implement measures that will ensure that an equitable performance appraisal is conducted putting all the parameters affecting the situation at hand. International business communities are volatile and keep changing with changes in political, economical and social situations; management when appraising the level of p erformance has the task of ensuring they keep adjusting their policies with the situation on the ground; this will enhance the development of appropriate policies of management. The changes in political situation keep affecting the rate of operation in an organization thus to effectively performance appraise, managers have the role of implementing flexible performance appraisal models of which managing them is an issue. Separation of time and distance is another threat that challenge international human resource management performance; the differences limit the rate of contact between head managers and the subsidiary managers; there lacks the close interaction and sharing of ideas and issues becomes an issue. The differences may also mean that some policies successfully implemented in a certain area are not applicable in another area. This may hinder the entire multinational operation. Gauging the level of performance of such an employee Different countries have different intellectu al power; there are people who have highly innovative power while others have an abstract power. When managing people of this two areas, the personnel managers may have the problem of determining the best method that should be used in both cases and yet offer satisfactory results. The differences of human beings capabilities affects the implementation of uniform policies to enhance performance since some countries may call for an innovation based appraisals while others calls for abstract power appraisal approach; whichever the approach, then the managers have a challenge developing best performance appraisal models to implement in their organizations (DiStefano Maznevski, 2000). Suggestions on ways that the problems can be minimized Despite the challenges offered by international performance appraisal methods, the process is crucial and needs to be handled with utmost care and strategic moves adopted to ensure that the method has been successfully been handled. The approach that h uman resources management will take will be of utmost good to the company and should ensure that all areas have been covered effectively. The following are the best approaches to such an international appraisal strategy: Developing uniform appropriate performance standards Since the company is same, the top management should come up with uniform corporate goals, objectives, mission statements and vision statements; they should define the expectations that stakeholders have from an organization, these policies cut across the board and employees in whichever the country should understand the role they have to play in their attainment. Managers’ acts as agents of shareholders so they should be allocated some expectation that they should deliver form their teams and country of operation. With the overall expected and promised goals, human resources should get their position; every employee is seen to be performing a certain duty to fulfill the goals directly or indirectly. Huma n resource departments should develop the performance standard that they want from every employee, having attained; they are the same standards that are used in performance appraisal. The corporate goals should be taken as overall but should be some goals that countries should be following depending with their potential and the capability that they have. To ease the burden of appraisal, every country should have a competent team of human resources managers who have been empowered to appraise the performance of employees in the areas of their operation and if need be offer some advice to the higher office on the best approach they need to implement when managing their human capital. The regional performance appraisal should be empowered to offer sound advice to the top management on the right policies unique to a certain country they should implement (Bullen Eyler, 2010). Using a balanced score card for evaluation Management should develop a balanced score card performance managem ent approach; balanced scorecard assist human resources to look into qualitative and qualitative performance of an employee. It does not concentrate on one area of the human capital but goes into other specific areas that need to be appraised for an effective operation of the business. When developing standards, human resources department looks into two main aspects: qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative standards are the deliverables that an employee is expected to produce when offered maximum support and mentorship from the management and the organization as a whole (Kaplan Norton, 2001). The tangible outcome that can be attributed to a certain employee when supported by other members of the team should be the vocal point in quantitative performance standard setting. When setting the expected level of quantitative output, the company should ensure that the potential of a certain country has been gauged. It may be tricky to have similar expectations across the board but the e xpectation should reflect the potential that a certain country has. There are different ways of coming up with the target that every individual is likely to get; the most common method is a top down approach where the top managers define the corporate goals and general target, then divide it among the departments that produce quantitative results (Takeuchi, Chen Lam, 2009). The next performance standard that an organization should set is qualitative performance; the performance is more concerned on the general attitude and conduct of employees within the organization; this is of importance especially when dealing with different cultures and environments. It is important to note that depending with the country of operation, the way people portray their feeling and attitudes is different, so there is need to ensure that the right approach has been used. The quantitative standards that are set in an organization are mostly the human resources policies that an organization should uphol d; they include ethical conduct, the general accepted organizational behavior and the corporate principles. The attitude and behavioral appraisal method can be universal but the expected results weighed against the level of social-cultural environment of the country of operation (Trudel, 2009). Culture intelligence approach With the diverse cultures that multinationals gave to deal with, there is need to understand the culture of the country of operation, the culture of the people should be crucial in determining the approach to measuring their performances, attitudes, level of output, and expectations. When the company understands what is actually happening in a certain country, then the managers can be able to implement the best policies and strategies that meet the needs of human capital in a certain country. The strategy of approach is mostly different in different countries thus there is need to have their cultural believes well-noted (Triandis, 2006). Other than culture inte lligence tools, managers should have root human resources management approach, this is where when they are diversifying and probably sending an expert, experts with a certain cultural affiliation should be sent to those countries that have similar cultural back ground (Hampden–Turner Trompenaars, 2006). Conclusion Managing diversity is a challenge that faces multinational businesses; they have to deal with people of different cultural backgrounds and varying labor laws. Developing effective performance management strategic assists multinationals to manage diversity in an appropriate manner and be able to tap diverse intellectualism and talents available in the diverse human capital. The best approach that multinationals should use is a micro-management approach where at country of operation level, they have competent human resources department with the authority to performance manage employees in that locality them advice the human resources department at corporate level. Re ferences Bullen, M. L., Eyler, K. (2010). Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital. Journal of International Business Cultural Studies, 31-16. DiStefano, J. J., Maznevski, M. L. (2000). Creating Value with Diverse Teams in Global Management. Organizational Dynamics, 29(1), 45-63. Fernandez-Alles, M., Ramos-Rodrà ­guez, A. (2009). Intellectual structure of human resources management research: A bibliometric analysis of the journal Human Resource Management, 1985–2005. Journal of the American Society for Information Science Technology, 60(1), 161-175. Hampden–Turner, C., Trompenaars, F.(2006).Cultural Intelligence: Is Such a Capacity Credible? Group Organization Management, 31(1), 56-63. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2001). Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: Part I. Accounting Horizons, 15(1), 87-104. Maznevski, M. L., DiStefano, J. J. (2000).   Global Leaders Are Team Players: Developing Global Leaders Through Membership On Global Teams. Human Resource Management, 39(2/3), 185. Takeuchi, N., Chen, Z., Lam, W. (2009). Coping with an emerging market competition through strategy-human resource alignment: case study evidence from five leading Japanese manufacturers in the Peoples Republic of China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(12), 2454-2470. Triandis, H.C.(2006). Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 20-26. Trudel, J. M. (2009). International Human Resources Management: A New Challenge. Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, 14(2), 149-161.

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Lol Daniel is a starving student and is awaiting the start of the snowboarding season in Tahoe. He receives student loans checks for every quarter, however he will need to squeeze his wallet if he wants to go with his buddies. The cost of rental and life ticket is quite expensive. One of Daniel's main costs, is the amount of money Daniel spends on his dates with his girlfriend. After careful calculation, Daniel figured that he mush spend, on average per day, less than $4.54. An amount, which he felt would give him the least amount of money needed, while keeping his relationship intact. From the credit statements and checkbook balance sheet, Daniel was able to find the average amount he had been spending on the past 61 rendezvous he has had with his girlfriend, which worked out to about $4.53, and he was able to call his creditor to find his established average money spent per day which was $4.60Daniel Buren

Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Leadership - Essay Example This is what, in turn, moulds the outlook of the nurses, patients and relations. There is a requirement of leadership in nursing for there to be an efficient running of everyday functions. However, this cannot be termed as the mere part that nursing leadership plays. Another role of nursing leadership is to know the way visions can be made to be realized (El-Meligi, 2005), which means, the way patients can be provided with a safe climate or the way they can be treated such that they feel respected. Every nurse administrator attempts to develop accurate prescriptions for care delivery systems which can be capable of providing high-quality and gainful patient results. For explaining what quality of nursing care is it can be said that it is the care which the nurses provide in keeping with the conventional nursing care standards (Grujic, O'Sullivan, & Wehrmacher, 1989). There are several determinants which can be made use of for determining the kind of nursing care that is being provided.

Nintendo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nintendo - Research Paper Example The Staying power projects that the firm has what it takes to remain in the market in posterity, since they produce quality products, are environmentally conscious and have worked to create a good reputation among their clientele base (Nintendo). The porter 5 analyses shows that Nintendo does not face a serious threat in regard to supplier power or new entrants as they control most supplies and the market is not currently very permeable due to the dominance of the firms already in it. Customer bargaining power is also limited due to the low cost of Nintendo’s products in comparison to rival firms; this is however not a long term situation and could easily change based on rivals strategic management. Threats from competing firms as well as substitute goods is substantially high since the other firm in the market provide alternatives, sometimes better ones that could reduce Nintendo’s customer base. Introduction Nintendo is one of the world’s oldest commercial firm s in the world and without doubt the oldest gaming company in existence today. It was started in 1889, 124 years ago as a Japanese playing card company and today, it has a $15 billion franchise with thousands of retail outlets world over. Despite its retrospective dominance, today it is faced with stiff competition from new companies such as Microsoft and Sony, which have taken over its lead. Nintendo introduced and popularized several products like coin operated video game machines and the NES (Nintendo Entertainment System), SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System), the world famous Gameboy and the Nintendo 64. With time, it has become a household brand with loyal customers and it is estimated that over 40 percent of Americas households have at least one branded product form the firm. Today, the firm is not only profitable but it is also among the market leaders concerning innovation and productivity as well as ethical business practices. However to realize the degree of success it has achieved required astute strategic management to ensure the firm not only remained productive but also relevant and dynamic enough to align itself to the changing times and when need arose be the force for change. The following analysis are thus carried out to present a clear picture of the strategic management decisions that have propelled the firm to its current position as well as explicate its current industrial placement. Analysis A SWOT analysis is a critical examination of the Strengths, Weakness, and Threats and opportunities facing a business, this is one of the most popular and reliable business analysis framework since it is all-inclusive and accommodating. One of the firm’s most significant strengths is to be found in its extensive global latitude that has allowed it to realize a geopolitical presence of near universal proportions with openings in majority of the world countries. Although most of the manufacture and design is primarily carried out in Japan , it has strong distribution networks that are have taken full advantage of the advent of globalization to make itself relevant and available. The global scope of the business means it is not overly reliant on particular markets considerably reducing the overall risk by creating a variety of contingencies. Its brand and logo have been adopted worldwide and acquired a good reputation as an electronic as a

Analysis Report of a Sylvia's Bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis Report of a Sylvia's Bar - Essay Example This study has shown the current business scenario of the bar which provides how the pain points of this business are negatively helping it to occurring losses over the years. This analysis also provides the recommendations by which it might restructure its business strategies so that it can turn around from old traditional culture and provides services which match with the test and preferences of the young generations. Research Objective The purpose of study of the current business practice of Sylvia’s Bar has some objectives. These core objectives are to find out the likely wrong business practices which negatively catalysing the business for making losses over the years and recommend possible solutions which might help to turn around the business in a profit making positions. Research Methodology This business analysis of Sylvia’s Bar is based on primary research and as well as some secondary research also. The main key findings of problems came out by questioning th e customers (Appendix 1.1) of the bar and the staffs (Appendix 1.2) as well. Generally questionnaire is made by a list of questions and the same questions to the targeted samples. But here, different questions are asked to different customers who used to come earlier but not now. The feedback was taken from current and earlier customers in different parameters like Age, Profession, Choice of clothing’s etc. This research was made on both qualitative and quantitative analysis. To analyse the feedback of questionnaire, qualitative research method and for the numbers like the price of the product and services Silvia’s offer is compared with the local competitors who generally have strategy of regular price, more customers. The feedbacks of the customers and the staffs have shown that the bar’s business strategy doesn’t follow the trend of people’s lifestyle and choices. Study Findings Qualitative Analysis Local market survey shows that like Silviaâ₠¬â„¢s bar, many late night bars have opened on that high road of Birmingham like grass flower in the rainy season. They provide entertainment to their customer based on their choices and preferences and follow the trend of changes in customer’s choices. Sylvia’s was established in 1986 targeting the local bank employees and serviced offered at that time according to their choices and preferences and this is why it was so popular in its childhood. Not only this, Sylvia’s bar was only late night bar on the high street which opened after 11pm, and for this reason people from local pubs, who want to spare more time, used to come there as those pubs used to close at 11pm. But, now a days, this area is not that much popular and many younger prefer the fashionable Canal district for weekend night outs. This segment of people doesn’t have 80s or 90s mentality, lifestyles, choice of relaxation. Now trend has been changed and people like to relax in weekend nights in crowdie nightclubs with group of friends and colleagues where they will be provided regular priced dishes, wines, cocktails etc with remix tracks by popular DJs rather than like to spend the time of their relaxation in a silences environment especially in a bar where old classical songs and premium priced dishes and cocktails are available. The business strategies of Sylvia’s might work in a pores city like London where many community of traditional, classy

Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should College Athletes Be Paid - Essay Example The key question posed by many previous reformists is whether college athletes should be paid. Given the consideration of many factors such as health, behavior, multi-billion dollar industry, moral decay, physical condition, talent and popularity, it stills remains an issue at stake whether student athletes should be paid (Sack & Staurowsky 139). Various magazine articles have been presented, covering the issue which has necessitated immediate action from reformists and ranking professional in the field. The National College Athletic Association over the previous year provided that schools should award the students two thousand dollars per year as a stipend but dropped the proposal after concerns were raised on how it would be achieved by the media. Upon pressure by the highlighted events through media coverage such as Euro sports and sports columnists, prominent coaches think that this idea should be revived and have sought to have it implemented. This is based on the argument that the playoffs fetch more money that is given to the directors, coaches and NCAA and which should also be given to the students. In my opinion, the media have enhanced the speed of consideration of this issue by providing information on the step taken and direction thus far. Student athletes should be get non cash payments from their colleges while if hired by companies they should receive monetary compensation for their time and energy. In this case, payment depends on a variety of things and can be achieved in many forms. Television coverage of sports competitions among the various institutions to determine the winner generates millions of dollars as additional revenue for the participating schools in which case the thousands of college and university students should be part of the cake (Shropshire & Davis 156). Cash payments should be made when the students play for an outside team or when hired by the companies outside the scope of the school. Through the media, open discussions a nd forums have come up to discuss issues relating to payments of athletes. Some magazines provide coverage on certain players posing probable concerns on payments and television shows invite athletes on talk show trying to get their views on the matter and other issues in the federation. Colleges on the other side need to focus on the students as a motivational tool and award them benefits in kind such as insurance schemes, proper housing, full educational scholarships and other fringe benefits (Griffin 91). The coverage of significant presentations such as ESPN show that student athletes spend more time in the field practicing and in most cases utilize most of their energy to gain money for the schools which then should have a responsibility to motivate them by offering them some form of payment. It is essential to note that talented students will most likely attend colleges that offer rewards for their efforts and thus most of management will seek them immediately after high schoo ls with enticing propositions such as scholarships awards. This is not enough though, and they need to further offer cash and remuneration after the games athletes participate (Shropshire & Davis 162). Sporting events are also covered in movies which try to bring more action on what actually transpires in the field. High school

Integration of Culture and Diversity in an Organization Assignment

Integration of Culture and Diversity in an Organization - Assignment Example Organization culture serves as deeply embedded form of social control, it bonds people together in an organization and makes them feel part of the organization’s experience and corporate culture helps the employee make sense of the workplace. Hewlett Packard Company operates in a highly competitive environment hence it has found to better served with a culture that engenders efficiency. It operates in an environment that require employees to be dedicated so that it can be successful hence it has practiced an employee-oriented culture. Therefore, Hewlett Packard has engaged organization cultures such as hierarchy, market culture, clan culture and adaptive culture in order to succeed in its operation. Hewlett Packard showed hierarchy culture when Bob as the CEO formed sub-companies located throughout its divisions, geographic regions and occupational groups. Formation of these small companies operates under the ‘mother’ company in America with managers who take orde rs from the CEO who heads the whole organization and take formal rules and policies from the main organization. The purposes of forming these many small organizations are to ensure stability, predictability, and efficiency in order to maintain efficient, reliable, fast, smooth-flowing production. Market culture focuses on the market penetration using diverse outside constituencies such as suppliers, customers, contractors, regulators, and licensees. Hewlett Packard Company has become the world’s leading business because it has successfully incorporated market culture by forming mergers. It has actively integrated compatible mergers with individuals with innovative ideas, business people and other related business to ensure it expands large enough to reach customers in diverse locations in order the company can feel that it total own and have the control responsibility of the merchandise.  

Marketing Strategy Final Case Study P&G Term Paper

Marketing Strategy Final Case Study P&G - Term Paper Example The most important concern is the deliberation about utilizing the new opportunity of an emerging market for pre-brushing rinse, which other Scope’s rivals are touting to their customers (P & G 258). Other basic problems include but are not restricted to what appropriate marketing strategy to adopt—should Scope be positioned as a â€Å"better tasting pre-brushing dental rinse† against its previous recognitions as a â€Å"better tasting and breath freshener† (P& G 259); manufacturing issue concerning how to produce product that will match the standardizations required by 2 Canadian Health Protection Branch, The Canadian Dental Association and Saccharin/Cyclamate Sweeteners requirements (P& G 257-258); finding alternatives to funding the marketing of Scope since the product has so far received its highest finances in years, and that funding another line of product might be helpful to reduce cost competitively (P& G 260); recognizing the significance of spend ing more on advertising another line of product to shore up customers’ interest in Scope (P & G 260); and discovering the best approach as far as Procter and Gamble’s operations and purchasing are concerned ( & G 260). Step 2: Justification for Problem Definition & Analyzing the Case Data: The cause of this important analysis of Procter and Gamble’s operations in Canada is based on the fact that other rivals in the same niche of health care product like Plax, Colgate, Listerine, Listermint and Cepacol which brandish their comparative quality of pre-brushing rinse has captured the market from Scope. This is because these other products offer consumers the opportunity to fight their plaque—â€Å"which is the soft, sticky film that coats teeth hours after brushing them† (P& G 253; P& G 262). The Canadian Mouthwash Market Shares below justifies the fact that Plax has made significant gain against Scope, having started with a mere 1% of the market share in 1988 to commanding an appreciable 10% of the same market in 1990; while Scope’s grasp of the market slipped considerably from 33% to 32.3% within the same periods. 3 Figure 1: The Canadian Mouthwash Market Shares 1988 (Units) 1989 (Units) 1990 (Units) Scope 33.0% 33.0% 32.3% Listerine 15.2 16.1 16.6 Listermint 15.2 9.8 10.6 Cepacol 13.6 10.6 10.3 Colgate Oral Rinse 1.4 1.2 0.5 Plax 1.0 10.0 10.0 Store Brands 16.0 15.4 16.0 Miscellaneous Others 4.6 15.4 16.0 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% The data demonstrates that other mouthwash products like Plax, Listerine and Store Brands make significant improvements against Scope, which sales began to dwindle towards its sales peak in 1990 (P & G 250). It is believable that strategic marketing may have helped other brands to outperform Scope in the amount of market size they command; their marketing proposition has largely 4 concentrated on the abilities of their brands to help users fight their plaque, a slogan that Procter and Gamble has not adopted because of its current product which lacks the plaque-fighting ingredients (P & G 253). What Procter and Gamble thinks appropriate is to re-position Scope in a way that it would keep the product’s loyal consumers and cut back the lead Plax is currently enjoying in the market (P & G 260). This plan is achievable within the three-year period the company hopes to revamp its operational activities. Comparing the expenditures

Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should College Athletes Be Paid - Essay Example The key question posed by many previous reformists is whether college athletes should be paid. Given the consideration of many factors such as health, behavior, multi-billion dollar industry, moral decay, physical condition, talent and popularity, it stills remains an issue at stake whether student athletes should be paid (Sack & Staurowsky 139). Various magazine articles have been presented, covering the issue which has necessitated immediate action from reformists and ranking professional in the field. The National College Athletic Association over the previous year provided that schools should award the students two thousand dollars per year as a stipend but dropped the proposal after concerns were raised on how it would be achieved by the media. Upon pressure by the highlighted events through media coverage such as Euro sports and sports columnists, prominent coaches think that this idea should be revived and have sought to have it implemented. This is based on the argument that the playoffs fetch more money that is given to the directors, coaches and NCAA and which should also be given to the students. In my opinion, the media have enhanced the speed of consideration of this issue by providing information on the step taken and direction thus far. Student athletes should be get non cash payments from their colleges while if hired by companies they should receive monetary compensation for their time and energy. In this case, payment depends on a variety of things and can be achieved in many forms. Television coverage of sports competitions among the various institutions to determine the winner generates millions of dollars as additional revenue for the participating schools in which case the thousands of college and university students should be part of the cake (Shropshire & Davis 156). Cash payments should be made when the students play for an outside team or when hired by the companies outside the scope of the school. Through the media, open discussions a nd forums have come up to discuss issues relating to payments of athletes. Some magazines provide coverage on certain players posing probable concerns on payments and television shows invite athletes on talk show trying to get their views on the matter and other issues in the federation. Colleges on the other side need to focus on the students as a motivational tool and award them benefits in kind such as insurance schemes, proper housing, full educational scholarships and other fringe benefits (Griffin 91). The coverage of significant presentations such as ESPN show that student athletes spend more time in the field practicing and in most cases utilize most of their energy to gain money for the schools which then should have a responsibility to motivate them by offering them some form of payment. It is essential to note that talented students will most likely attend colleges that offer rewards for their efforts and thus most of management will seek them immediately after high schoo ls with enticing propositions such as scholarships awards. This is not enough though, and they need to further offer cash and remuneration after the games athletes participate (Shropshire & Davis 162). Sporting events are also covered in movies which try to bring more action on what actually transpires in the field. High school

Marketing Strategy Final Case Study P&G Term Paper

Marketing Strategy Final Case Study P&G - Term Paper Example The most important concern is the deliberation about utilizing the new opportunity of an emerging market for pre-brushing rinse, which other Scope’s rivals are touting to their customers (P & G 258). Other basic problems include but are not restricted to what appropriate marketing strategy to adopt—should Scope be positioned as a â€Å"better tasting pre-brushing dental rinse† against its previous recognitions as a â€Å"better tasting and breath freshener† (P& G 259); manufacturing issue concerning how to produce product that will match the standardizations required by 2 Canadian Health Protection Branch, The Canadian Dental Association and Saccharin/Cyclamate Sweeteners requirements (P& G 257-258); finding alternatives to funding the marketing of Scope since the product has so far received its highest finances in years, and that funding another line of product might be helpful to reduce cost competitively (P& G 260); recognizing the significance of spend ing more on advertising another line of product to shore up customers’ interest in Scope (P & G 260); and discovering the best approach as far as Procter and Gamble’s operations and purchasing are concerned ( & G 260). Step 2: Justification for Problem Definition & Analyzing the Case Data: The cause of this important analysis of Procter and Gamble’s operations in Canada is based on the fact that other rivals in the same niche of health care product like Plax, Colgate, Listerine, Listermint and Cepacol which brandish their comparative quality of pre-brushing rinse has captured the market from Scope. This is because these other products offer consumers the opportunity to fight their plaque—â€Å"which is the soft, sticky film that coats teeth hours after brushing them† (P& G 253; P& G 262). The Canadian Mouthwash Market Shares below justifies the fact that Plax has made significant gain against Scope, having started with a mere 1% of the market share in 1988 to commanding an appreciable 10% of the same market in 1990; while Scope’s grasp of the market slipped considerably from 33% to 32.3% within the same periods. 3 Figure 1: The Canadian Mouthwash Market Shares 1988 (Units) 1989 (Units) 1990 (Units) Scope 33.0% 33.0% 32.3% Listerine 15.2 16.1 16.6 Listermint 15.2 9.8 10.6 Cepacol 13.6 10.6 10.3 Colgate Oral Rinse 1.4 1.2 0.5 Plax 1.0 10.0 10.0 Store Brands 16.0 15.4 16.0 Miscellaneous Others 4.6 15.4 16.0 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% The data demonstrates that other mouthwash products like Plax, Listerine and Store Brands make significant improvements against Scope, which sales began to dwindle towards its sales peak in 1990 (P & G 250). It is believable that strategic marketing may have helped other brands to outperform Scope in the amount of market size they command; their marketing proposition has largely 4 concentrated on the abilities of their brands to help users fight their plaque, a slogan that Procter and Gamble has not adopted because of its current product which lacks the plaque-fighting ingredients (P & G 253). What Procter and Gamble thinks appropriate is to re-position Scope in a way that it would keep the product’s loyal consumers and cut back the lead Plax is currently enjoying in the market (P & G 260). This plan is achievable within the three-year period the company hopes to revamp its operational activities. Comparing the expenditures

African American Oral Tradition Essay Example for Free

African American Oral Tradition Essay Modern African American Literature was formed under a stressful time for Africans, slavery. The only way the stories of the indigenous people of Africa were passed down was through oral recollections, or stories of the events. In America this was especially difficult for the slaves because of laws preventing them from learning English. By not being allowed to learn English, the slaves had to learn English solely on auditory purposes. This essentially made the slaves illiterate. When the slaves transferred the language that they heard to paper, a new style of language was formed which was referred to as dialect. Dialect is what the slaves thought they heard and the correct spelling of those words, not standard English. Dunbar, who wrote fluently in both standard English and dialect was praised by white critics only for his dialect poems, and not praised for his poems in standard English. His literacy works are still alive today, however the dialect works were attached with a stigma. Usually whites despised the African’s dialect. Therefore, the slaves would not try to publish any type of work with dialect because the slaves did not want to be associated with the stigma. In all, by creating a unique dialect gave the slaves a bilingual type of style. By not being able to write, slaves also made Genres such as, spiritual, folk songs and gospels. Songs such as these were ways of passing down stories to the next generation. These songs also contained secret messages. These messages may have contained information about escape routes or even the underground- railroad. However most of the songs were spiritual in nature. The songs also progressed through the years. The originals slave folk songs, spirituals, and gospels are now prevalent in modern day jazz and the blues. Martin even gives the example of Hayden, who mixes his song ideas with the ideas of Bessie Smith. Even though African are allowed to read and write, this is a form how their culture is still expressed today. Martin made the emphasis that the oral tradition is part of the African Americans distinct culture.

Parental Influence on Consumption and Abuse of Alcohol

Parental Influence on Consumption and Abuse of Alcohol Douglas Scott Burton Adolescence is the years from which puberty begins in childhood to when puberty ceases in adulthood. Generally, it is divided into three stages: early adolescence which overall lasts between ages 11 to 14, middle adolescence that generally spans ages 15 to 17, and late adolescence which stretches the ages to 18 to 21 years of age. Puberty creates growth to see things as either right or wrong. Adolescents are rarely able to see beyond the present situation, which can explain why younger teenagers are often unable to consider the long-term consequences of their actions. Parents have a critical role in shaping the future of their children. Does being an American adolescent in an American family where your parents allow casual consumption of alcohol teach the child responsible drinking habits when the child becomes of legal drinking age (21)? On the other hand, does it instill a sense of nonchalant drinking habits? I believe that having parents that causally and responsibly consume alcoh ol, teaches the child/children, how to respect alcohol and how not to abuse it later in life. In the United States of America, we have a largely diverse population and culture. Therefore, when looking at adolescent alcohol use and abuse we need to understand the different people that live in this country. According to a 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 10.1 million underage youth drink alcohol each year in the United States. Early alcohol and drug use increases the possibility for many social, emotional, and behavioral problems including violence, truancy, and depression. (National Institute of Health, n.d.) (Barry, Chaney, Chaney, 2011; Ellickson, Tucker, Klein, 2001; Stueve ODonnell, 2005). In ethnic minority families such as African Americans, adolescent drug and substance problems are a significant public concern. (NIH, n.d.). African Americans comprise only 14% of the population in the United States, yet they are 26% of all juvenile arrests, 44% of detained youth, and 58% of the youth sent to state prison (Center on Juvenile and Criminal Just ice, 2012). Early substance use has strongly been associated with father-only households. Further, children from dual-parent families are said to use significantly less marijuana than those from mother-only families (Hemovich Crano, 2009). According to Janet Chrzan in Alcohol: Social Drinking in Culture Context, the culture of the United States, and particularly that of the South and of the Midwest, carries many traces of Prohibition tendencies to this day. The United States has the highest rate of self-reported total abstinence, out of any other non-Muslim alcohol-drinking country, with roughly one-third of the population avoiding alcohol (in contrast, only about 9% of Swedes and 11% of Norwegian abstain). In the United States, abstention is highest in working-class women and lowest among upper-class white men. In a paper published in the US National Library of Medicine/National Institute of Health there are two policies regarding alcohol consumption by minors. Harm-minimisation policies suggest that alcohol use is a part of normal adolescent development and that parents should supervise their childrens use to encourage responsible drinking. Zero-tolerance policies suggest that all underage alcohol use should be discouraged. In this study, they took a sample of 1,945 seventh-grade students from both Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia. The study showed that adolescent alcohol use is related to a variety of problem behaviours including harmful alcohol use, drinking and driving, risky sex, and violence (World Health Organization, 2008). However, longitudinal studies demonstrate that good family management practices, including clear rules prohibiting alcohol use, monitoring of childrens behaviour, and consistent consequences for violating rules, are related to decreases in teen alcohol use (Barnes et al. 2000, Brook et al., 1986; Chilcoat and Anthony, 1996; Kosterman et al., 2000; Nash et al., 2005; Sargent and Dalton, 2001). Likewise, parental patterns of alcohol use and involvement of their children in their use have been shown to be risk factors for adolescent alcohol and other drug use (Chassin et al., 2003, Hawkins et al., 1992; Johnson and Leff, 1999; Lei et al., 2002a). Despite this, some parents still provide alcohol to their children, as teens report being at parties at which underage drinking was occurring in the presence of parents (American Medical Association, 2006). In Australia, it was noted that 30%-50% of adolescent drinkers obtain alcohol from their parents. Australian parents are supported by a national harm-minimisation policy. In 2001, the Australian Government promoted Alcohol Guidelines for youth younger than the adult legal age for alcohol purchase (age 18). It offered suggestions for being a responsible drinker in supervised settings and for becoming a responsible adult drinker through supervised introduction to alcohol (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy, 2001). Harm-minimisation advocates concede that parental rules and attitudes favoring responsible drinking may be associated with a greater likelihood of underage alcohol use but also argue that parental supervised alcohol use may reduce the likelihood of adolescent drinkers progressing to problematic alcohol use during adolescence and early adulthood. In Washington, the relationship between favorable parental attitudes toward alcohol use and ninth-grade alcohol-related harms was mediated by opportunities to drink in an adult-supervised setting in a way that increased risk. For Victorian youth, there was no protective mediating effect of supervised use. Instead, similar to Washington students, they found a significant mediating process that increased the risk for subsequent alcohol use and harm among students in Victoria. In the summary, the study found that harm-minimisation proponents contend that youth drinking in adult-supervised settings is protective against future harmful use. The study found adult-supervised drinking in both states actually resulted in higher levels of harmful alcohol use. According to the research survey completed, my hypothesis does not stand. Having parents that allow American adolescents to consume alcohol will create a sense that it is okay to consume alcohol, even though they are underage. It will possibly lead to an overconsumption and possible abuse of alcohol by adolescent Americans. As those adolescents grow up and move away to go to universities, alcohol will become more available possibly, leading to more abuse. Therefore, if you are a parent or are planning on becoming a parent, you should not allow your adolescent children to consume alcohol. It could lead to destructive behaviour. If you want to teach them responsible drinking actions, you should teach by example. Never become drunk in front of your children. Works Cited Rees, Carter, Adrienne Freng, and L. Thomas Winfree, Jr. The Native American Adolescent: Social Network Structure and Perceptions of Alcohol Induced Social Problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43.3 (2013): 405-25. Web. 12 Nov. 2016. Small, Eusebius, Rie Suzuki, and Arati Maleku. The Impact of Family and Parental Education on Adolescents Substance Use: A Study of U.S. High School Seniors. Social Work in Public Health 29.6 (2014): 594-605. Web. 12 Nov. 2016. Chrzan, Janet. Its Happy Hour! Modern American Drinking. Alcohol: Social Drinking in Cultural Context. New York: Routledge, 2013. N. pag. Print. White, Helene Raskin, and David L. Rabiner. Historical and Developmental Patterns of Alcohol and Drug Use among College Students. College Drinking and Drug Use. New York: Guilford, 2012. N. pag. Print. McMorris, Barbara J., Richard F. Catalano, Min Jung Kim, John W. Toumbourou, and Sheryl A. Hemphill. Influence of Family Factors and Supervised Alcohol Use on Adolescent Alcohol Use and Harms: Similarities Between Youth in Different Alcohol Policy Contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Rutgers University, May 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2

Causes Of The Civil War :: American America History

Causes Of The Civil War The South, which was known as the Confederate States of America, seceded from the North, which was also known as the Union, for many different reasons. The reason they wanted to succeed was because there was four decades of great sectional conflict between the two. Between the North and South there were deep economic, social, and political differences. The South wanted to become an independent nation. There were many reasons why the South wanted to succeed but the main reason had to do with the North's view on slavery. All of this was basically a different interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides. In the end all of these disagreements on both sides led to the Civil War, in which the North won. There were a few reasons other then the slavery issue, that the South disagreed on and that persuaded them to succeed from the Union. Basically the North favored a loose interpretation of the United States Constitution. They wanted to grant the federal government increased powers. The South wanted to reserve all undefined powers to the individual states. The North also wanted internal improvements sponsored by the federal government. This was more roads, railroads, and canals. The South, on the other hand, did not want these projects to be done at all. Also the North wanted to develop a tariff. With a high tariff, it protected the Northern manufacturer. It was bad for the South because a high tariff would not let the south trade its cotton for foreign goods. The North also wanted a good banking and currency system and federal subsidies for shipping and internal improvements. The South felt these were discriminatory and that they favored Northern commercial interests. Now the main reason for the South's secession was the Slavery issue. Basically the South wanted and needed it and the North did not want it at all. The South was going to do anything they could to keep it. This was the issue that overshadowed all others. At this time the labor force in the South had about 4 million slaves. These slaves were very valuable to the slaveholding planter class. They were a huge investment to Southerners and if taken away, could mean massive losses to everyone. Slaves were used in the South as helpers in the fields in the cultivation of tobacco, rice, and indigo, as well as many other jobs.

United Nations Millennium Development Goal Essay examples -- World Is

Target C of the seventh United Nations Millennium Development Goal is to ‘halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation’ (UN, 2000). With the present model of sanitation, the flush toilet, it is not viable to provide basic sanitation for everyone, as flush toilets are grossly inefficient in developing countries. They require large amounts of water and sewage infrastructure to function, two things increasingly difficult to possess in developing countries (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011). This lack of basic sanitation leads to defecation and urination in unsafe locations, such as streams and rivers, which contaminate the water supply. The unsafe urination and defecation increases the incidence of fecal-oral contamination and occurrence of other communicable diseases. It also forces the poor villagers to walk farther in search of uncontaminated water sources. However, interventions and the redevelopment of the sanitation system can bring numerous positive changes to developing countries, where present knowledge and development of sanitation is poor. Optimum benefit from sanitation interventions can be achieved if the communities are made aware of the connection between hygiene practices, poor sanitation, polluted water, and disease (UNHRC, 2011). The redevelopment of the sanitation system is essential for developing countries; however, the global community must overcome deep-seated challenges to guarantee enduring success. The redevelopment of the sanitation system, particularly the reinvention of the toilet is an efficient and significant way of improving health, hygiene, and women’s education and personal safety. Currently, 40% of the world’s popul... ... problem of implementation by spending more money on education and actual procurement of the reinvented toilets rather than the administration. It is great to take the increased education of the developing country to our advantage by using the school children to spread the message about sanitation to their families and deep into their communities. School Environment and Sanitation and Rural India states that â€Å" The best way to break bad practices is to cultivate good practices and childhood is the best time for that as children are receptive to all influences† (Majra and Gur, 2010). From these two suggestions for implementation, it seems very logical that the global community should focus on providing access to proper sanitation facilities at schools and on providing water, hygiene, and environment education at primary schools to spread further the reinvented toilet.

Psychological Factors: Axis of Healthcare Setting Essay

Even as the development of medical science and the technology of its instruments have taken modern healthcare system to a state-of-the-art height, the effective management of psychological factors still prove to be the axis of healthcare, where human touch and a thorough understanding of psychology are bare essentials to complement its other part. The medical science too admits it and accordingly various disciplines of study have come up to understand the finer details of human psychology that are entwined with the overall healing process. Thus this essay explores the necessity and scope of health psychology, besides its inherent elements that have bearings in healing process, before reaching its conclusion. What is Health Psychology? Bio-psycho-social factors create a lot of impact on our health and well-being. Health psychology studies those impacts with an aim to eliminate the negative elements in bio-psycho-social factors besides incorporating the positive ones. Accordingly it encompasses areas like stress, coping strategies, perception of pain, personality determinants of health etc. besides the immune response to stress (psychoneuroimmunology). Therefore, health psychology altogether covers a vast area of study and observation on human behavior, where it probes personality variables or traits and social environment before linking one’s impact on the other – as for example, whether stress in a person could lead to minor or major ailments, ranging from cold to cancer. In all, health psychology works on the interaction between physiological and the psychological system. Accordingly, â€Å"biopsychosocial paradigm of health based on a bi-directional model (Knight & Carnic, 2004), propelled by the concept that health psychology can be instrumental in detection and alleviation of disease, as there is a strong coordination between body and mind. Even the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes it significance and in fact lamented that this area of healthcare needs more thrust, where it could forge a â€Å"new alliance between mental and physical health disciplines† (WHO, 1997). From this perspective, there is tremendous scope of development in the field of health psychology, as it a dynamic subject with a plethora of variable factors, which constantly hint on thousand of probabilities. How It Works While any illness is bound to create an emotional impact on the patients, the caregivers too cannot escape such effects. Thus coping with illness requires mental efforts from everyone involved in the proceedings. A study conducted over 150 patients affected with various forms of psoriasis identified the â€Å"existence of psychic stress in 69% of all cases†, which, with the â€Å"involvement of a Liaison psychiatrist† proved to be immensely important towards their cure (Simonic et al. , 2000). Besides these, there are ethical and practical consideration too command in-depth understanding of psychological factors that stand between illness and effective care – especially when the severity of illness can inject pessimism in the patients or when patients’ erratic behavior under circumstance can influence the caregivers’ behavior. Patients can emotionally be vulnerable due to physical conditions, and that can heavily influence their personality traits; in such situations, application of empathy and respect from the healthcare professionals’ side can help to restore the situation. Therefore, appropriate knowledge on health psychology can equip the caregivers for such situations. Significance of Psychoneuroimmunology Popularly known as PNI, psychoneuroimmunology deals with the interactions among behavior, brain and the immune system, aiming at determining its potential for mediating the effects of psychosocial factors in illness and disease. The significance of PNI can be understood from a single fact that stress alone carries the possibility of 68 diseases, most of which are deadly. This state of affairs definitely commands a thorough view of health from the biopsychosocial perspective of health to counter stress. A brief description of stress would be pertinent here to further explain the significance of psychological factors in healthcare. Stress, the Dreaded Menace  Hans Selye proposed one of the most acclaimed definitions of stress in 1926, in which he said, â€Å"Stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand placed upon it† (14 Day, 1991). He observed that stress stems out from the situations where humans face external changes or demands. This definition clearly indicates that no one can escape the influence of stress, as human life constantly faces such situations. This also clears the deck that external influence on humans will stay all along and thus biopsychosocial factors are embedded with any health problem. If stress is now considered to be â€Å"an excessive or inappropriate activation of the body’s fight-or-flight response† (14 Day, 1991), then it has to be given its due importance in sphere of healthcare, where it should be armed with adequate knowledge about how stress can aggravate the health problems and how it can be diffused. That is where â€Å"Psychoneuroimmunology† steps in, delving deep into the relationship between the immune system and brain and observing the outcomes of its chemistry. Psychoneuroimmunology and Healthcare  According to PNI, â€Å"every part of our immune system is connected to the brain in some way, be it via a direct nervous tissue connection, or by the common chemical language of neuro-peptides and hormones†, where it suggests that the immune system, â€Å"which keeps us free from external invaders besides maintaining internal homoeostasis, is sensitive to outside influences† (Kooker, 2001). This is substantiated by the fact that chemicals secrete in the brain in response to mental-emotional processing like moods and feelings. PNI was accepted as a new discipline in Yale University as early as in 1977, though then it was known as Behavioral Medicine, an outcome of the realization about its significance towards providing total therapeutic solution to patients. Boiling down to its simplest possible form, PNI collects healthy habits that can enhance the power of immunity in humans. This speaks of its broad range of activities, where it weighs the biopsychosocial factors to reach at the core of the health problem. In fact PNI provides much needed attention on the dynamics of body-mind interactions where it acknowledges the fact that â€Å"our brains secrete hormones in response to our thoughts† (Lorraine, 2003). Thoughts Hold the Key The discoveries through PNI have proved that it healthcare cannot afford to keep psychological factors out of consideration. It has shown that thoughts, no matter where it comes from outside or from the subconscious, can heavily influence the body condition. Alongside, researches to this direction have been able to bring out the positive application of thought. Thus the benefits of PNI have already been established. As for example, Neuroscientist Andrew Newberg of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine has able to determine the brain regions that respond to meditation, besides identifying the stress zones under duress (Lorraine, 2003). Findings like these would surely help in both enhancing immunity and preventing stress, as new techniques in stress management have already been stemming out of these findings. Benefits of Transcendental Meditation  Aligned to the progress of PNI as stated above, several techniques of thought regulation or control have been doing rounds. As for example, transcendental meditation has been found to produce a very beneficial state to human body, where it reduces blood pressure, respirator rate, oxygen consumption, blood flow to skeletal muscles, perspiration and muscle tension (Lorraine, 2003). This clearly shows that psychological factors are embedded with well being and in no way they can be kept outside the periphery of routine healthcare system. Physician’s Viewpoint â€Å"We must work as psychologists to erase the line between health and mental health in research, practice, and public policy†, says Norine Gl Johnson, the former president of American Psychological Association in 2001. In her presentation at prestigious Psi Chi Distinguished Lecture she clearly points out the necessity of intertwining health and psychology, where â€Å"educators must be at the forefront of presenting to students and future psychologists the latest in psychology health research and health practices† (Johnson, 2002). Nancy’s words only corroborates the age-old vision that medical treatment cannot be provided without the help of psychology, because psychological factors are the integral part of both illness and well being. Discussion On one hand the researchers have proved the deep impact of psychological factors on both patients and caregivers, while the discoveries regarding the efficacy of new techniques stemming out of modern research and study on biopsychosocial factors clearly show that they are no less potent tools towards managing illness as well as fostering well being. The negative impact of stress or the positive influence of transcendental meditation as cited by studies above amply proves this fact. Accordingly, these facts have already been doing rounds in social and academic circles, thereby convincing people about the impact of psychological factors on both illness and well being. This state of affairs virtually makes it impossible for any healthcare setting to do without any provision of measuring psychological factors involved in any illness. Besides this, the healthcare professionals too would be interested to be equipped with adequate knowledge and application techniques of psychotherapies, which would, in a way, work as their own shields against job stress associated with care giving. Conclusion Evidences show that psychological factors have great bearing on illness and its healing, thereby automatically qualifying them to occupy an important part in the healthcare setting. Going by the experts’ opinion, it can be said that recognition of psychological factors in healthcare setting would not be an encroachment in the domain of conventional healthcare, but would be the advent of a new horizon in its sphere, where it would add tremendous value to the healthcare processes. Therefore, psychological factors form the axis of healthcare in modern day setting, in spite of the presence of state-of-the-art gadgets and availability of effective medicines.